Variedades de função empreendedora sob desordens totalitárias
do Ersatz ao ideal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30800/mises.2019.v7.1239Palavras-chave:
Empreendedorismo, empreendedor, comunismo, socialismoResumo
A abordagem coletivista comunista de ordem social é baseada na premissa em que meios de produção privados devem ser abolidos, e ao invés disto, serem gerenciados por um poder centralizado representando o povo como um todo. Assim sendo, ele desafia uma das mais inerentes características da condição humana, a busca inata, criativa, subjetiva e perene para uma melhor condição de vida expressa pela função empreendedora. Este trabalho usa a praxiologia da Escola Austríaca para mostrar como empreendedores, enquanto motores do sistema de mercado, acabam sendo os mais relevantes e generalizados desafiadores da abordagem socialista da economia. Exercer o empreendedorismo desafia o ilusório sistema socialista de economia de três maneiras: exercitando esta função empreendedora latente, nas mais desfavoráveis condições, criando mercados secundários para buscar corrigir a escassez planejada pelo poder central; se livrando da difundida mentalidade estatista em sociedades socialistas; e por colocar em prática o verdadeiro cálculo econômico de mercado, ao invés do “cálculo” econômico imposto pelo politburo. O artigo mostra que, quanto mais existam variedades de ordem social, há ainda uma similaridade com o tipo de função empreendedora, que é impossível erradicar dos indivíduos. Assim sendo, mesmo quando ocorrem regimes totalitários, o empreendedorismo encontra maneiras de existir e se manifesta apesar do diferente tipo lacunar, nas sombras, suprindo o bem-estar do consumidor sob os limites de desordem social e, principalmente, iluminando a impossibilidade intrínseca do arranjo econômico socialista.
Downloads
Métricas
Referências
ACEVEDO, R. A.; CIROCCO, L. H,; D’ANDREA, F. A. M. C. Multipoverty in Venezuela. MISES: Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, Law and Economics, v. 6 (Special Issue), 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30800/mises.2018.v0.949
ÅSLUND, A. How entrepreneurship could be promoted after the collapse of a socialist economic system. Journal of Asian Economics, v. 23, n. 2, p. 157–167, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2011.09.003
BARBIERI, F. História do Debate do Cálculo Econômico Socialista (1a Edição). São Paulo: Instituto Ludwig von Mises Brasil, 2013.
BAUMOL, W. J. Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive. Journal of Political Economy, v. 98, n. 5, Part 1 (October), p. 893–921, 1990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/261712
BAUMOL, W. J. Entrepreneurship: Productive, unproductive, and destructive. Journal of Business Venturing, v. 11, n. 1, p. 3–22, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(94)00014-X
BESANÇON, A. Le Malheur du siècle - sur le communisme , le nazisme et l’unicité de la shoah. Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1998.
BOETTKE, P. J. Why Perestroika failed: the politics and economics of socialist transformation. London: Routledge, 1993. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203419472
BOETTKE, P. J.; COYNE, C. J.; LEESON, P. T. Institutional Stickiness and the New Development Economics. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, v. 67, n. 2, p. 331–358, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2008.00573.x
BOHM-BAWERK, E. V. Capital And Interest: A Critical History of Economical Theory. London: MacMillan and Co, 1890.
BOSTAPH, S. Driving the market process: “Alertness” versus Innovation and Creative Destruction. Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, v. 16, n. 4, p. 421–458, 2013.
BYLUND, P. L. The problem of production: a new theory of the firm. London: Routledge, 2016.
BYLUND, P. L. The Management Problem of Socialism: Cost at the Expense of Value. In: MCCAFFREY, M. (ed.). The Economic Theory of Costs Foundations and New Directions. London: Routledge, 2018.
CACHANOSKY, N. The Cost of Populism in Argentina, 2003-2015. MISES: Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, Law and Economics, v. 6 (Special Issue), 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30800/mises.2018.v0.965
CALDEIRA, J. História do Brasil com empreendedores. São Paulo: Mameluco, 2009.
CHAMBERLIN, A.,; MANSIH, G. P. Savings, Private Property and Sound Money. MISES: Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, Law and Economics, v. 6 (Special Issue), 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30800/mises.2018.v0.1091
COURTOIS, S. et al. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. London: Harvard University Press, 1999.
D’ANDREA, F. A. M. C. Entrepreneurs as source of Innovation: A Strategic Marketing Perspective ((Unpublished Manuscript)), 2019.
D’ANDREA. A. M. C.; RUETTIMANN, J. D. Entrepreneurship under Communism: Economic Calculation, (Black) Markets, & Statist Mentality. Revista Estudios Libertarios, v. 2, n. 1, forthcomming, 2019.
DEELY, J. Purely Objective Reality. Berlin: Walter de Gruyer GmbH & Co, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781934078099
DEL NOCE, A. The Crisis of Modernity. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2015.
DEL NOCE, A. The Age of Secularization. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2017.
DJILAS, M. The New Class – an Analysis of the Communist System. New York: Frederick Prager, 1957.
ELERT, N.; HENREKSON, M. Evasive entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, v. 47, n. 1, p. 95–113, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9725-x
ELLIOT, J. E. Disintegration of the Soviet politico‐economic system. International Journal of Social Economics, v. 22, n. 3, p. 31–60, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03068299510146745
ENGELS, F. Principles of Communism. Washington: The FreeCapitalist Project, 1874. Retrieved from: http://www.hillerickson.com/webly/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/principles-of-communism11.pdf. Acessed at: Feb 15 2019
FOSS, N. J.; KLEIN, P. G. Organizing entrepreneurial judgment : a new approach to the firm. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139021173
FOSS, N. J.; KLEIN, P. G. Entrepreneurial Discovery or Creation? In Search of the Middle Ground. Academy of Management Review, v. 42, n. 4, p. 733–736, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2016.0046
HAMILTON, A.; MADISON, J.; JAY, J. The Federalist Papers. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230102019
HANLEY, R. P. Adam Smith and the Character of Virtue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
HAVEL, V. Open Letters – Selected Writings 1965-1990. New York: Vintage Books, 1992.
HAYEK, F. A. von. Collectivist Economic Planning Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul LTD, 1935.
HAYEK, F. A. von. Individualism and Economic order. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1948.
HAYEK, F. A. von. The Intellectuals and Socialism. The University of Chicago Law Review, v. 16, n. 3, 1949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1597903
HAYEK, F. A. von. The Road to Serfdom. London and New York: Routledge, 2001.
HELLMAN, J. S.; JONES, G.; KAUFMANN, D. Seize the state, seize the day: state capture and influence in transition economies. Journal of Comparative Economics, v. 31, n. 4, p. 751–773, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2003.09.006
HENKEN, T. Entrepreneurship, informality, and the second economy: Cuba’s underground economy in comparative perspective’. Cuba in Transition, 2005. Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy. Retrieved from https://ascecuba.org//c/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/v15-henken.pdf. Acessed at: Jan 10 2019.
HOLCOMBE, R. G. The origins of entrepreneurial opportunities. The Review of Austrian Economics, v. 16, n. 1, p. 25–43, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022953123111
HOPPE, H.-H. Socialism: A property or knowledge problem? The Review of Austrian Economics, v. 9, n. 1, p. 143–149, 1995. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01101888
HOPPE, H.-H. A Theory of Socialism and Capitalism. Norwell: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2010.
IBRAHIM, G.; GALT, V. Bye-bye central planning, hello market hiccups: institutional transition in Romania. Cambridge Journal of Economics, v. 26, n. 1, p. 105–118, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/26.1.105
JOHANSSON, Dan; MALM, A. Economics Doctoral Programs Still Elide Entrepreneurship. Econ Journal Watch, v. 14, n. 2, p. 196–217, 2017.
KIRZNER, I. M. Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago Press, 1973.
KIRZNER, I. M. The alert and creative entrepreneur: a clarification. Small Business Economics, v. 32, n. 2, p.145–152, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9153-7
KLEIN, P. G. The Capitalist & The Entrepreneur. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2010.
KLEIN, P. G. An Austrian Perspective on Firms and Markets: My Contributions to Entrepreneurship Theory. In: AUDRETSCH, D. B.; LEHMANN E. E. (eds.). The Routledge Companion to the Makers of Modern Entrepreneurship. New York: Routledge, 2017.
KUCHEROV, S. Property in the Soviet Union. The American Journal of Comparative Law, v. 11, n. 31962. LENIN, V. I. Once Again On the Trade Unions, the Current Situation and the Mistakes of Trotsky and Buhkarin. Lenin’s Collected Works. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1965.
MARX, K. The Communist Manifesto (World Publ). Project Gutenberg Consortia Center, 1848. Retrieved from http://115.248.176.49:8001/jspui/bitstream/123456789/640/1/marx-communist-109.pdf. Acessed at: Feb 17 2019
MARX, K.; ENGELS, F. The German Ideology. Great Books in Philosophy. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1988.
MCCLOSKEY, D. N. The Bourgeois Virtues – Ethics for an Age of Commerce. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226556673.001.0001
MCMILLAN, J.; WOODRUFF, C. The Central Role of Entrepreneurs in Transition Economies. Journal of Economic Perspectives, v. 16, n. 3, p. 153–170, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/089533002760278767
MENGER, C. Principles of Economics. Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007.
MISES, L. von. Socialism An Economic and Sociological Analysis. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951.
MISES, L. von. The Anti-Capitalistic Mentality. New York: D. van Nostrand Company, Inc, 1956.
MISES, L. von. Planning for Freedom and twelve other essays and addresses (Memorial E). South Holland: Libertarian Press, 1974.
MISES, L. von. Economic Calculation in a Socialist Commonwhealth. Auburn: Mises Institute, 1990.
MISES, L. von. Human action: the scholar’s edition. Auburn: Mises Institute, 1998.
NOVAKOVIĆ, A.,; DOSTANIĆ, D. The anti-capitalist mentality and ill-fated transition. MISES: Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, Law and Economics, v. 6 (Special Issue), 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30800/mises.2018.v0.563
PHELAN, S. E. Austrian theories of entrepreneurship: Insights from complexity theory. The Review of Austrian Economics, v. 29, n. 3, p. 277–297, 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11138-015-0302-3
PORTES, A.; BÖRÖCZ, J. The Informal Sector under Capitalism and State Socialism: A Preliminary Comparison. Social Justice. Dynamic of the Informal Economy, v. 15, n. 3-4, p. 17-28, 1988.
REMNICK, D. Lenin’s Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire (First Vint). New York: Vintage Books, 1994.
RÖËPKE, W. A humane Economy – the social framework of the free Market (3rd.). Wilmington: ISI Books, 1998.
ROTHBARD, M. N. The end of socialism and the calculation debate revisited. The Review of Austrian Economics, v. 5, n. 2, p. 51–76, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02426928
ROTHBARD, M. N. The ethics of liberty. New York: NYU Press, 2002.
ROTHBARD, M. N. Man, Economy, and State. A Treatise on Economic Principles with Power and Market Government and the Economy (Second). Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2004.
SALERNO, J. T. Reply to Leland B. Yeager on Mises and Hayek on Calculation and Knowledge. The Review of Austrian Economics, v. 7, n. 2, p. 111–125, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01101945
SAMPSON, S. L. The Second Economy of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v. 493, p. 120–136, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716287493001009
SATTER, D. Age of Delirium: the decline and fall of the Soviet Union. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
TISMANEANU, V. Do Comunismo: O Destino De Uma Religião Política. Campinas: Vide Editorial, 2015.
UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS. Constitution (Fundamental law) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Moscow, Russia: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics – USSR, 1936. Retrieved from: https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1936/12/05.htm. Acessed at: Feb 18 2019
VOEGELIN, E. Science, Politics And Gnosticism. Wilmington: ISI Books, 2004.
YEAGER, L. B. Mises and Hayek on calculation and knowledge. The Review of Austrian Economics, v. 7, n. 2, p. 93–109, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01101944
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Este periódico está licenciado sob uma Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
